The article presents some pathogenetic mechanisms of adverse effects of nicotine as a part of tobacco smoke such as carcinogenesis, atherogenesis, thrombogenesis, the influence on functional activity of internals and also a bone tissue and a mucous membrane of a mouth. For food correction of adverse effects the use of a number of ingredients for development of new technologies of functional products is scientifically grounded and recommended. The expected favorable biological effects at systematic consumption of these products are presented.

The aim of this work is to assess the methods of risk stratification of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) after trauma and orthopedic surgery. Modern data devoted to risk factors of DVT and PE (including genetic) are uncertaint. We analyzed probability of DVT and PE on the base of literature data for trauma and orthopedic patients. Different models of risk stratification being compared. Single gene mutation is not sig-nificant for DVT risk prediction. Correlations between several gene mutations and polymorphism increase probability of proper risk estimation. Programmatic DVT and HAS risk estimation calculator developed and is accessible on web-site.

The article presents about the role of several lipid-binding proteins expressed by the small intestine brush border membrane in the main steps of intestinal absorption of long-chain fatty acids and about changes in lipid profile caused by failed absorbtion. The system literature search is performed on Scopus databases, Web of Science, MedLine.

The article presents the review of the domestic and international researches devoted to one of the most «problem» aspects of pediatrics – to patients with recurrent infections (frequently ill children) and to their immune status (an immune imbalance). Children with recurrent infections (frequently ill children) are characterized by higher, than their peers, incidence of acute respiratory infection (ARI). ARI frequency up to 8 times a year can be a normal variant at favorable course, at the same time an immune imbalance is compensated by immune system.

In this review of the literature, questions of the efficacy and safety of therapy with genetically engineered biological preparations for rheumatoid arthritis are discussed. The results of randomized trials of recent years are described in detail. Systematic literature search was conducted on the databases Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, elibrary and others.

To determine the molecular pathways of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tumorogenesis there are held a great amount of investigations. New therapeutic models for HNSCC are discussed considering genetic and biochemical specifications and taking in account significant scientific strategies. Dividing HNSCC into 2 large groups in accordance to human papilloma virus (HPV) association with different survival rates is a great achievement of the last decades in carcinogenesis researching and treatment of HNSCC. It is well known that chemical carcinogens are the main cause of HPV-negative tumors development. HPV-positive HNSCC is associated with E6 and E7 HPV proteins. The results of whole exome sequencing of HNSCC are of the great interest. Molecular expression profile of Rb-E2F/p53 were diff erent in HPV-positive and HPV-negative tumors. The phosphorylated pRb and p16 proteins analysis showed low pRb and high p16 levels in HPV-positive tumors in contrast to HPV-negative samples due to the HPV E7 ability to degrade Rb. P16 expression was higher in HPV-positive tumors, so it is immunohystochemical marker of HPV-positive status. The p53 expression pattern is determined also to identify its mechanism of degradation in HPV-positive tumors. Due to carcinogenic HPV ability by inactivation of cell cycle regulators р53 and pRb with the help of E6 and E7 oncoproteins, mutations of TP 53 shouldn’t play leading role in HPV-induced tomorogenity. Nevertheless, there are controversial data concerning HPV-positive tumors that part of them gain p53-mutations at the same time having integrated HPV-genome. The p53 expression in HPV-positive samples was the same as if in the absence of HPV.

Objective: to study the epidemiological features of the spread of arsenodermatitis among the population of Northern Dagestan with the identification of populations most exposed to arsenic. Materials and methods: in the course of this study, 915 case histories of patients of the Republic Dermatovenerologic Dispensary, who have lived for more than 5 years in the territory of the hydrogeochemical anomaly, were analyzed. The study of ethnic predisposition to the development of skin pathologies was carried out on the basis of an analysis of available literature data. Results: 40.6 % of the population use artesian water with arsenic contamination 20-50 times higher than the permissible level for drinking. The prevailing localization in the analysis of the general structure of skin diseases of a noninfectious nature by study areas is the various forms of the psoriases, which were detected in half of the patients (51.6%). The spread of skin pathologies among different ethnic groups in North Dagestan did not reveal any differences. Conclusions: the clinical cases of dermatitis among the patients of the Republic Dermatovenerologic Dispensary revealed in the population are characterized by symptoms similar to those described in the literature of arsenodermatitis. To verify the data, it is necessary to conduct detailed studies using biomarkers (hair, urine) in exposed groups of the populationwith identified skin pathologies consuming water with different levels of arsenic for drinking.

Purpose: to evaluate the diagnostic significance of magnetic resonance imaging in the differential diagnosis of ischemic heart damage and non-coronary myocardial diseases. Materials and methods: a retrospective analysis of medical documentation of 60 patients of cardiac departments of the Rostov Regional Clinical Hospital was conducted. Held a comparative analysis of the informativeness of the application of instrumental researchmethods (ECG, echocardiography, coronary angiography with leftventriculography and magnetic resonance imaging of the heart) among the patients with myocardial damage of different origins. Results: in patients with IHD, postinfarction cardiosclerosis, in most cases, the results of instrumental studies were diagnosed as having a diagnostic relationship. Conducted MRI of the heart was of decisive importance in the evaluation of the state of the myocardium after systemic thrombolysis or questionable ECG and EchoCG data and was also significant in the differential diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome and focal myocarditis. The results of MRI played an important role in determining the etiology of myocardial hypertrophy, in particular hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and also helped in the case of differential diagnosis in the syndrome of cardiomegaly.Сonclusions: shown a high diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging with the use of contrast agents in the differential diagnosis of ischemic and noncoronary myocardial diseases.

Objective: to study melatonin metabolism and hormonal status of pregnant women in different seasons of the year, depending on the sex of the fetus. Materials and methods: 538 women were examined at the time of physiological gestation of 37-40 weeks. The first group — 286 pregnant women with female fetuses and the second group — 254 pregnant with male fetuses. Estimation of the hormonal status included the determination of the level of cortisol, estradiol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, progesterone, testosterone in the blood and melatonin in the urine of pregnant women. Results: the level of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin in the morning urine, regardless of the sex of the fetus, was higher in the seasons of the year with the predominance of the dark time of the day. Absolute levels of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin in urine in all women in 37-40 weeks of gestation were the lowest in the light-saturated summer and spring months of the year, while in the winter period its parameters were maximal. Melatonin production was statistically significantly higher in pregnant women with female fetuses during the fall and winter periods of the year. Regardless of the time of the year, in pregnant women with female fetuses, the absolute levels of estradiol and progesterone were higher than in the case of the male fetus. The highest values in the case of the female fetus were noted in the spring. Testosterone production was significantly higher in pregnant women with male fetuses mainly in the spring season. Stress resistance of pregnant women was higher in the summer months. Depending on the “sex of the fetus” factor, stress hormones in the summer had the highest values in pregnant women with male fetuses. Conclusions: the sex of the fetus is a significant factor affecting the seasonal variability of melatonin production, sexual and stress hormones in pregnant women due to the formation of the specificity of the systemic signaling between the maternal and the fetal organism in the dynamics of pregnancy.

Objective: to assess perspectives using biomarkers for early detection of developing acute kidney injury (AKI) among patients during partial nephrectomy under the warm ischemia of the kidney. Materials and methods: data of 100 patients was assessed with a localized renal cancer Т1N0М0 aged 56,5±8,7 years. All the patients underwent partial nephrectomy under warm ischemia of the kidney. The concentration of the following “early markers of AKI” was tested in blood of the patients using the ELISA technique and standard test-systems: cystatin С (BioVendor, Czech Republic), NGAL (BCMDiagnostics, USA), L-FABP (Hycult Biotechnology, Netherlands). The duration of warm ischemia was also fixed and the rate of diuresis was valued either. The test was carried out 24 hours prior to and 16 hours after the surgical interference. All the patients were diagnosed and classified by the presence or absence of AKI during the early postoperative period according to the generally accepted classification KDIGO. The obtained results were processed with the help of Microsoft Excel software, the statistical reliability of the results was defined on the basis of the use of Wilcoxon non-parametric test. Simultaneously the expert analysis of the clinical data and results of the laboratory research was carried out. Results: the method of the early diagnostics of AKI among patients who underwent partial nephrectomy under the warm ischemia of the kidney was developed. The method is based on the successive identification of the concentration of the early biochemical markers of AKI, the duration of warm ischemia and the rate of diuresis. Conclusions: the use of the developed method allows diagnosing the development of AKI among patients undergoing partial nephretomy under the warm ischemia already in 16 hours after the surgical interference (before the rise in the creatinine level).

Objective: to analyze the level of neopterin in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) with a preserved fraction ejection fraction depending on the stage of the disease. Materials and methods: were examined 148 patients with CHF with preserved ejection fraction (50% and >) and 30 as a control group. Patients with CHF were divided into groups depending on the stage of CHF (from I to III). The level of neopterine was determined by the method of enzyme immunoassay in blood plasma. Results: in patients with CHF with preserved ejection fraction there was a tendency to increase the level of neopterin from stage I to stage III compared to the control group. In the group of patients with CHF IIB+III the level of neoplasm was statistically slightly lower compared to patients of stage I and IIA, but statistically signifi cantly higher than in the control group. Conclusion: it was revealed the change in the level of neopterin in patients with CHS with retained ejection fraction depending on the stage of the disease.

Clinical observation of galactosemia in a newborn child is presented. A special feature of this case is the complicated course of the disease against the background of intracranial hemorrhages of nontraumatic genesis, alimentary hepatotrophy of a severe degree, neonatal jaundice. Timely appointment of therapeutic nutrition led to a clinical improvement in the state of the child.

The article is devoted to the study of the role of glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronic acid, heparan sulfate derivatives, dermatan sulfate) in the genesis of intimal arterial hyperplasia. It is shown that these substances play important role in the structural reorganization of vessels, including the development of intimal hyperplasia of the arteries. Scientific works on the role of GAG in the genesis of intimal hyperplasia are based on experimental data. The authors draw attention to GAG involvement in cell-intercell nteractions of artery walls, including proliferation, migration, signal transduction of smooth muscle cells, endotheliocytes, platelets. Undoubtedly, attempts to create a 3D shunt with hyaluronate, atorvastatin can be used in the clinic for full and longterm use, which can prevent the development of restenosis of the arteries.