MECHANISMS OF IMMEDIATE-EARLY GENES ACTIVATION
https://doi.org/10.21886/2219-8075-2016-4-4-11
Abstract
In our article, we focus on molecular mechanisms of immediately early genes expression. We discuss extracellular signals that are transduced into the nucleus through a variety of signaling mechanisms to elicit changes in patterns of immediately early genes expression, chiefly focusing on c-fos. Immediate early genes are involved in many different normal and pathological processes including cell differentiation, cell proliferation, metabolism, inflammation, oncogenic transformation and stress. The earliest known and best characterized include c-fos, c-myc and c-jun, genes that were found to be homologous to retroviral oncogenes. We highlight several signaling pathways that induce genes expression such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), protein kinase A, protein kinase C, JAK-STAT and calcium-dependent pathways. Each one plays important role in immediate early genes activation. Signal transduction eventually leads to the activation of transcription factors and epigenetic modifications. Immediate early gene products are on average mostly transcription factors. FOS and JUN are major components of the AP-1 transcription factor which is responsible for regulating late genes expression involved in multitude of different function such as cell proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, abnormally immediate early gene expression contributes to pathological processes.
About the Authors
P. P. Polyakov
Kuban State Medical University
Russian Federation
4 Sedina st., Krasnodar 350063, Russia, e-mail: palpal.p@yandex.ru
Russian Federation
4 Sedina st., Krasnodar 350063, Russia, e-mail: palpal.p@yandex.ru
A. S. Lipatova
Kuban State Medical University
Russian Federation
4 Sedina st., Krasnodar 350063, Russia, e-mail: palpal.p@yandex.ru
Russian Federation
4 Sedina st., Krasnodar 350063, Russia, e-mail: palpal.p@yandex.ru
A. H. Kade
Kuban State Medical University
Russian Federation
4 Sedina st., Krasnodar 350063, Russia, e-mail: palpal.p@yandex.ru
Russian Federation
4 Sedina st., Krasnodar 350063, Russia, e-mail: palpal.p@yandex.ru
References
1. Herdegen, Т. Inducible and constitutive transcription factors in the mammalian nervous system: control of gene expression by Jun, Fos and Krox, and CREB/ATF proteins / Т. Herdegen, J. D. Leah //Brain Research Reviews. 1998. Vol. 28, № 3. -P. 370-490.
2. Healy, S. Immediate early response genes and cell transformation / S. Healy, P. Khan, J. Davie // Pharmacology & therapeutics. -2013. Vol. 137, №. 1. P. 64-77.
3. Семченко, В. В. Синаптическая пластичность головного мозга (фундаментальные и прикладные аспекты)/ В. В. Семченко, С. С Степанов., Н. Н. Боголепов. М.: Directmedia, 2014. 499 с.
4. Курмышкина, О. В. Гены раннего ответа в патогенезе рака шейки матки: обзор. / О.В. Курмышкина, Т.О. Волкова [и др.] // Опухоли женской репродуктивной системы. 2011. -№ 1. -с. 96-105.
5. Bhattacharyya, S. et al. Early growth response transcription factors: key mediators of fibrosis and novel targets for anti-fibrotic therapy/ S Bhattacharyya, M. Wu, F Fang, [et al.] //Matrix Biology. 2011. Vol. 30, № 4. P. 235-242.
6. Ruffle, J. K. Molecular neurobiology of addiction: what's all the (A) FosB about? / J. K. Ruffle // The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse. 2014. Vol. 40, № 6. P. 428-437.
7. Murphy, L. O. MAPK signal specificity: the right place at the right time / L. O. Murphy, J. Blenis //Trends in biochemical sciences. -2006. Vol. 31, № 5. С. 268-275.
8. Саенко, Ю. В. Анализ динамики транскриптома в процессе развития радиационно-индуцированного оксидативного стресса в раковых клетках с нормальным и мутантным геном ТР53 / Ю.В.Саенко, М.А. Семенова, Д. А. Викторов [и др.] // Известия Самарского научного центра Российской академии наук. 2013. Т. 15. №. 4-3. C. 755-760.
9. Ходанович, М. Ю. Влияние долговременного ослабления геомагнитного поля на агрессивность лабораторных крыс и активацию опиоидергических нейронов/ М. Ю. Ходанович, Е. В. Гуль, А. Е. Зеленская [и др.] //Вестник Томского государственного университета. Биология. 2013. №. 1 (21).С. 146-160.
10. de Andrade, J. S. Chronic unpredictable mild stress alters an anxiety-related defensive response, Fos immunoreactivity and hippocampal adult neurogenesis/ J. S De Andrade, I.C Cespedes,.R. O Abrao [et al.] //Behavioural brain research. -2013. Vol. 250. P. 81-90.
11. Gulyaeva, N. V. Ventral hippocampus, Stress and psychopathology: Translational implications / N. V. Gulyaeva //Neurochemical Journal. 2015. Vol. 9, №. 2. P. 85-94.
12. Hoffman, A. N. Experience-dependent effects of context and restraint stress on corticolimbic c-Fos expression/ A.N Hoffman,.D. P Anouti,.M. J Lacagnina [et al.]. //Stress. 2013. -Vol. 16, №. 5. P. 587-591.
13. Imbe, H. Repeated forced swim stress enhances CFA-evoked thermal hyperalgesia and affects the expressions of pCREB and c-Fos in the insular cortex/ H Imbe, A. Kimura, T. Donishi [et a.] //Neuroscience. 2014. Vol. 259. P. 1-11.
14. Jayaratne, S. Comparison of Fos Expression in Cardiovascular Brainstem Centers Following Air Jet and Restraint Stress/ S Jayaratne,.H Dissanayake, L Prestipino [et al.] //The FASEB Journal. 2015. Vol. 29, №. 1 Supplement. P. LB716.
15. Keshavarzy, F. Expression patterns of c-Fos early gene and phosphorylated ERK in the rat brain following 1-h immobilization stress: concomitant changes induced in association with stress-related sleep rebound / F Keshavarzy, C Bonnet, G Bezhadi [et al.] //Brain Structure and Function. 2014. Vol. 220, №. 3. P. 1793-1804.
16. Matsumoto, K. Social isolation stress down-regulates cortical early growth response 1 (Egr-1) expression in mice / K Matsumoto, K Ono, H. Ouchi [et al.] //Neuroscience research. 2012. Vol. 73, №. 3. P. 257-262.
17. Rajkumar, R. Stress activates the nucleus incertus and modulates plasticity in the hippocampo-medial prefrontal cortical pathway / R Rajkumar, Y Wu,.U Farooq [et al.]. //Brain research bulletin. -2016. Vol. 120. P. 83-89.
18. Sugimoto, K. Presentation of noise during acute restraint stress attenuates expression of immediate early genes and arginine vasopressin in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus but not corticosterone secretion in rats / K Sugimoto, H Ohmomo, F Shutoh [et al.] //Neuroscience research. 2015. Vol. 96. P. 20-29.
19. Nestler, E. J. Transcriptional mechanisms of drug addiction / E. J. Nestler //Clinical Psychopharmacology & Neuroscience. 2012. -Vol. 10, №. 3. P. 136-143.
20. Kovacs, K. J. Measurement of immediate early gene activation c-fos and beyond / K. J. Kovacs //Journal of neuroendocrinology. 2008. Vol. 20, №. 6. P. 665-672
21. Овсянников, В. Г. Особенности патогенеза висцеральной боли / В.Г. Овсянников, С.В. Шлык, А.Е. Бойченко [и др.] // Медицинский вестник Юга России. 2013. №3. С.12 19.
22. Nelson, D. L. Lehninger principles of biochemistry/ D. L. Nelson, M. M. Cox. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 2012.
23. Seger, R. MAP Kinase Signaling Protocols / R. Seger (ed.). New York: Humana Press, 2010.
24. O'Donnell, A. Immediate-early gene activation by the MAPK pathways: what do and don't we know? / A. O'Donnell, Z. Odrowaz, A. D. Sharrocks //Biochemical Society Transactions. -2012. Vol. 40, №. 1. P. 58-66.
25. Galbraith, M. D. Lessons on transcriptional control from the serum response network / M. D. Galbraith, J. M. Espinosa // Current opinion in genetics & development. 2011. Vol. 21, №. 2. P. 160-166.
26. McEwen, B. S. Mechanisms of stress in the brain/ B. S McEwen, N. P Bowles, J. D Gray [et al.] //Nature neuroscience. 2015. -Vol. 18, №. 10. P. 1353-1363.
27. Drobic, B. Promoter chromatin remodeling of immediate-early genes is mediated through H3 phosphorylation at either serine 28 or 10 by the MSK1 multi-protein complex / B Drobic, B Perez-Cadahia, J Yu [et al.] //Nucleic acids research. 2010. Vol. 38, №10 P.3196-3208.
28. Marinho, H. S. Hydrogen peroxide sensing, signaling and regulation of transcription factors / H. S Marinho, C. Real, L. Cyrne [et al.] //Redox biology. 2014. Vol. 2. P. 535-562.
29. Wen, A. Y. The role of the transcription factor CREB in immune function / A. Y. Wen, K. M. Sakamoto, L. S. Miller //The Journal of Immunology. 2010. Vol. 185, №. 11. P. 6413-6419.
30. Carcamo-Orive, I. Regulation of human bone marrow stromal cell proliferation and differentiation capacity by glucocorticoid receptor and AP-1 crosstalk / I.Carcamo-Orive, A. Gaztelumendi, J. Delgado [et al.] //Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. -2010. Vol. 25, №. 10. P. 2115-2125.
31. De Bosscher, K. Glucocorticoid repression of AP-1 is not mediated by competition for nuclear coactivators / K.De Bosscher, W. Vanden Berghe, G. Haegeman //Molecular endocrinology. – 2001. – Vol. 15, №. 2. – P. 219-227.
32. Афанасьев, М. А. Значение гена раннего реагирования с-fos и продуктов его экспрессии в нейронах при различных воздействиях / М. А. Афанасьев, С. Л. Кузнецов //Биомедицина. – 2013. – Т. 1. – №. 1. –C. 109-116.
33. Courey, A.J. Mechanisms in transcriptional regulation/ А. J. Courey. Los Angeles: Blackwell Publishing, 2008.
34. Kontos, C. K. The role of transcription factors in laboratory medicine / C. K. Kontos, A. Scorilas, A. G. Papavassiliou /Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. – 2013. – Vol. 51, №. 8. – P. 1563-1571.
35. Zhang, Y. Smad3 and Smad4 cooperate with c-Jun/c-Fos to mediate TGF-β-induced transcription/ Y. Zhang, X. H. Feng, R. Derynck //Nature. – 1998. – Т. 394,№. 6696. – P. 909-913.
36. Kumar, V. Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease/ V Kumar, A. Abbas, J Aster [et al]. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014.
37. Shiozawa, S. Pathogenesis of joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis/ S. Shiozawa, K.Tsumiyama, K. Yoshida [et al.] // Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis. – 2011. – Vol. 59, №. 2. – P. 89-95.
38. Kwon, D. J. Suppression of iNOS and COX-2 expression by flavokawain A via blockade of NF-κB and AP-1 activation in RAW 264.7 macrophages/ D. J. Kwon, S. M. Ju, G. S. Youn [et al.] //Food and chemical toxicology. – 2013. – Vol. 58. – P. 479-486.
39. Yoshida, R. Forced expression of stabilized c-Fos in dendritic cells reduces cytokine production and immune responses in vivo/ R. Yoshida, M. Suzuki, R Sakaguchi [et al.] //Biochemical and biophysical research communications. – 2012. – Vol. 423, №. 2. – P. 247-252.
40. Senba, E. Stress-induced expression of immediate early genes in the brain and peripheral organs of the rat/ E. Senba, T. Ueyama // Neuroscience research. – 1997. – Vol. 29, №. 3. – P. 183-207.
Review
For citations:
Polyakov P.P., Lipatova A.S., Kade A.H. MECHANISMS OF IMMEDIATE-EARLY GENES ACTIVATION. Medical Herald of the South of Russia. 2016;(4):4-11. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21886/2219-8075-2016-4-4-11
Views:
844
Email this article 