mvjrМедицинский вестник Юга РоссииMedical Herald of the South of Russia2219-80752618-7876The Rostov State Medical University10.21886/2219-8075-2025-16-2-43-54mvjr-2028Research Article3.1.17 ПСИХИАТРИЯ И НАРКОЛОГИЯPSYCHIATRY AND NARCOLOGYСкрининговая диагностика состояния психического дистресса и потребления алкоголя у пациентов соматического профиля, госпитализированных по неотложным показаниямScreening diagnosis of mental distress and alcohol consumption in acutely ill somatic patientshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3368-3170НадеждинА. В.NadezhdinA. V.

Надеждин Алексей Валентинович, к.м.н., доцент кафедры наркологии 

Москва 

Alexey V. Nadezhdin, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assistant Professor, Department of Narcology 

Moscow 

aminazin@inbox.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9390-621XТетеноваЕ. Ю.TetenovaE. J.

Тетенова Елена Юрьевна, к.м.н., доцент кафедры наркологии 

Москва 

Elena J. Tetenova, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assistant Professor, Department of Narcology 

Moscow 

tej08@inbox.ruРоссийская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образованияРоссияRussian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional EducationRussian Federation2025020720251624354Copyright © Надеждин А.В., Тетенова Е.Ю., 20252025Надеждин А.В., Тетенова Е.Ю.Nadezhdin A.V., Tetenova E.J.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.medicalherald.ru/jour/article/view/2028

Цель: изучить с помощью опросника SCL-5 распространённость психического дистресса в связи с потреблением алкоголя, социо-демографическими и некоторыми клиническими характеристиками среди соматических пациентов, госпитализированных в клиническую больницу. Материалы и методы: сбор материала проводился в 2016– 2017 гг. в ГБУЗ Городская клиническая больница им. В.П. Демихова г. Москвы. В исследование было включено 3009 пациентов. Были собраны основные социо-демографические сведения. Оценка потребления алкоголя производилась с помощью AUDIT-4, а состояния психического дистресса — SCL-5. Результаты: количество женщин, набравших более двух баллов SCL-5, превосходило количество мужчин. Чаще находились в состоянии психического дистресса разведенные и вдовы. Распределение количества пациентов с дистрессом по зонам теста AUDIT-4 имело «J»-образную форму. Наиболее подвержены дистрессу оказались группы «Терапевтический профиль» и «Кардиологический профиль». Заключение: раннее распознавание и коррекция психического дистресса у лиц с вредным потреблением алкоголя в первичном медико-санитарном звене может улучшить комплаенс пациента и исходы лечения. Опросник SCL-5 показал себя кратким и удобным инструментом диагностики психического дистресса.

Objective: to study, using the SCL-5 questionnaire, the prevalence of mental distress in relation to alcohol consumption, socio-demographic and some clinical characteristics among somatic patients hospitalized in a clinical hospital. Materials and methods: the material was collected in 2016–2017 in V. P. Demikhov City Clinical Hospital of Moscow. 3009 patients were included in the study. Basic socio-demographic data were collected. Alcohol consumption was assessed using AUDIT-4, and the state of mental distress was assessed using SCL-5. Results: the number of women with more than two SCL- 5 points exceeded the number of men. Divorcees and widows were in mental distress more often. The distribution of the number of patients with distress according to the AUDIT-4 test zones had a “J”-shape. The groups “Therapeutic profile” and “Cardiologic profile” were the most prone for distress. Conclusion: early recognition and correction of mental distress in individuals with harmful alcohol use in primary care may improve patient compliance and treatment outcomes. The SCL-5 questionnaire has been shown to be a concise and convenient tool for diagnosing mental distress.

психический дистрессстационарные пациентыпотребление алкоголяSCL-5AUDIT-4социально-демографические предикторыpsychiatric distressinpatientsalcohol consumptionSCL-5AUDIT-4sociodemographic predictorsReferencesHarmful use of alcohol, alcohol dependence and mental health conditions: a review of the evidence for their association and integrated treatment approaches. WHO/ EURO:2019-3571-43330-60791Harmful use of alcohol, alcohol dependence and mental health conditions: a review of the evidence for their association and integrated treatment approaches. WHO/ EURO:2019-3571-43330-60791Курыгин А.Г., Урываев В.А. Психический дистресс в дебюте и развитии соматического заболевания. Экология человека. 2006;(7):42-46. eLIBRARY ID: 9202465 EDN: HTJVDPKurygin А.G., Uryvayev V.А. Mental distress in debut and development of somatic diseases. Human Ecology. 2006;(7):42- 46. (In Russ.) eLIBRARY ID: 9202465 EDN: HTJVDPRuss TC, Stamatakis E, Hamer M, Starr JM, Kivimäki M, Batty GD. Association between psychological distress and mortality: individual participant pooled analysis of 10 prospective cohort studies. BMJ. 2012;345:e4933. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e4933Russ TC, Stamatakis E, Hamer M, Starr JM, Kivimäki M, Batty GD. Association between psychological distress and mortality: individual participant pooled analysis of 10 prospective cohort studies. BMJ. 2012;345:e4933. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e4933Skogen JC, Bergh S, Stewart R, Knudsen AK, Bjerkeset O. Midlife mental distress and risk for dementia up to 27 years later: the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) in linkage with a dementia registry in Norway. BMC Geriatr. 2015;15:23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-015-0020-5Skogen JC, Bergh S, Stewart R, Knudsen AK, Bjerkeset O. Midlife mental distress and risk for dementia up to 27 years later: the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) in linkage with a dementia registry in Norway. BMC Geriatr. 2015;15:23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-015-0020-5Mirowsky J, Ross CE. Measurement for a human science. J Health Soc Behav. 2002;43(2):152-170. PMID: 12096697Mirowsky J, Ross CE. Measurement for a human science. J Health Soc Behav. 2002;43(2):152-170. PMID: 12096697Drapeau A, Marchand A, Beaulieu-Prevost D. Epidemiology of Psychological Distress. Mental Illnesses – Understanding, Prediction and Control. InTech; 2012. https://doi.org/10.5772/30872Drapeau A, Marchand A, Beaulieu-Prevost D. Epidemiology of Psychological Distress. Mental Illnesses – Understanding, Prediction and Control. InTech; 2012. https://doi.org/10.5772/30872Georgaca E. Discourse analytic research on mental distress: a critical overview. J Ment Health. 2014;23(2):55-61. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2012.734648Georgaca E. Discourse analytic research on mental distress: a critical overview. J Ment Health. 2014;23(2):55-61. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2012.734648Härter M, Baumeister H, Reuter K, Jacobi F, Höfler M, et al. Increased 12-month prevalence rates of mental disorders in patients with chronic somatic diseases. Psychother Psychosom. 2007;76(6):354-360. https://doi.org/10.1159/000107563Härter M, Baumeister H, Reuter K, Jacobi F, Höfler M, et al. Increased 12-month prevalence rates of mental disorders in patients with chronic somatic diseases. Psychother Psychosom. 2007;76(6):354-360. https://doi.org/10.1159/000107563Tesfa S, Giru BW, Bedada T, Gela D. Mental Distress and Associated Factors Among Hospitalized Medical-Surgical Adult Inpatients in Public Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020: Cross-Sectional Study. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2021;14:1235-1243. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S319634Tesfa S, Giru BW, Bedada T, Gela D. Mental Distress and Associated Factors Among Hospitalized Medical-Surgical Adult Inpatients in Public Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020: Cross-Sectional Study. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2021;14:1235-1243. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S319634Alemu WG, Malefiya YD, Bifftu BB. Mental Distress among Patients Admitted in Gondar University Hospital: A Cross Sectional Institution Based Study. Health science journal. 2016; 10(6):480.Alemu WG, Malefiya YD, Bifftu BB. Mental Distress among Patients Admitted in Gondar University Hospital: A Cross Sectional Institution Based Study. Health science journal. 2016; 10(6):480.Faessler L, Perrig-Chiello P, Mueller B, Schuetz P. Psychological distress in medical patients seeking ED care for somatic reasons: results of a systematic literature review. Emerg Med J. 2016;33(8):581-587. https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2014-204426Faessler L, Perrig-Chiello P, Mueller B, Schuetz P. Psychological distress in medical patients seeking ED care for somatic reasons: results of a systematic literature review. Emerg Med J. 2016;33(8):581-587. https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2014-204426Caldwell TM, Rodgers B, Jorm AF, Christensen H, Jacomb PA, et al. Patterns of association between alcohol consumption and symptoms of depression and anxiety in young adults. Addiction. 2002;97(5):583-594. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00092.xCaldwell TM, Rodgers B, Jorm AF, Christensen H, Jacomb PA, et al. Patterns of association between alcohol consumption and symptoms of depression and anxiety in young adults. Addiction. 2002;97(5):583-594. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00092.xWang J. Young men who do not drink, as well as those who drink heavily, have high levels of depression and distress. Evid Based Ment Health. 2003;6(1):13. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebmh.6.1.13Wang J. Young men who do not drink, as well as those who drink heavily, have high levels of depression and distress. Evid Based Ment Health. 2003;6(1):13. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebmh.6.1.13Haasen C, Sinaa M, Reimer J. Alcohol use disorders among Afghan migrants in Germany. Subst Abus. 2008;29(3):65-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897070802218828Haasen C, Sinaa M, Reimer J. Alcohol use disorders among Afghan migrants in Germany. Subst Abus. 2008;29(3):65-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897070802218828Founta O, Adamzik K, Tobin AM, Kirby B, Hevey D. Psychological Distress, Alexithymia and Alcohol Misuse in Patients with Psoriasis: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2019;26(2):200-219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-018-9580-9Founta O, Adamzik K, Tobin AM, Kirby B, Hevey D. Psychological Distress, Alexithymia and Alcohol Misuse in Patients with Psoriasis: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2019;26(2):200-219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-018-9580-9Derogatis LR, Lipman RS, Rickels K, Uhlenhuth EH, Covi L. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): a self-report symptom inventory. Behav Sci. 1974;19(1):1-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/bs.3830190102Derogatis LR, Lipman RS, Rickels K, Uhlenhuth EH, Covi L. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): a self-report symptom inventory. Behav Sci. 1974;19(1):1-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/bs.3830190102Тарабрина Н.В. Практикум по психологии посттравматического стресса. Санкт-Петербург: Питер; 2001.Tarabrina NV. Workshop on the psychology of post-traumatic stress disorder. Sankt-Petersburg: Piter; 2001. (In Russ.)Timman R, Arrindell WA. A very short Symptom Checklist- 90-R version for routine outcome monitoring in psychotherapy; The SCL-3/7. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2022;145(4):397-411. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13396Timman R, Arrindell WA. A very short Symptom Checklist- 90-R version for routine outcome monitoring in psychotherapy; The SCL-3/7. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2022;145(4):397-411. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13396Andersson HW, Nordfjærn T, Mosti MP. The relationship between the Hopkins symptom checklist-10 and diagnoses of anxiety and depression among inpatients with substance use disorders. Nord J Psychiatry. 2024;78(4):319-327. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2024.2323124Andersson HW, Nordfjærn T, Mosti MP. The relationship between the Hopkins symptom checklist-10 and diagnoses of anxiety and depression among inpatients with substance use disorders. Nord J Psychiatry. 2024;78(4):319-327. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2024.2323124Strand BH, Dalgard OS, Tambs K, Rognerud M. Measuring the mental health status of the Norwegian population: a comparison of the instruments SCL-25, SCL-10, SCL-5 and MHI- 5 (SF-36). Nord J Psychiatry. 2003;57(2):113-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039480310000932Strand BH, Dalgard OS, Tambs K, Rognerud M. Measuring the mental health status of the Norwegian population: a comparison of the instruments SCL-25, SCL-10, SCL-5 and MHI- 5 (SF-36). Nord J Psychiatry. 2003;57(2):113-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039480310000932Tambs K, Moum T. How well can a few questionnaire items indicate anxiety and depression? Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1993;87(5):364-367. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03388.xTambs K, Moum T. How well can a few questionnaire items indicate anxiety and depression? Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1993;87(5):364-367. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03388.xДембицкий С.С. Конструирование и валидизация социологического теста SCL-9-NR. Социологический журнал. 2018;24(3):8-31. https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2018.24.3.5991Dembickij SS. Constructing and validating the SCL-9-NR sociological test. Journal of Sociology. 2018;24(3):8-31. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2018.24.3.5991Золотарева А.А. Русскоязычная адаптация симптоматического опросника (Symptom Checklist-K-9, SCL-K-9). Сибирский психологический журнал. 2023;(89):105-115. https://doi.org/10.17223/17267080/89/6Zolotareva AA. Russian-language adaptation of the Symptom Checklist-K-9. Siberian Journal of Psychology. 2023;(89):105- 115. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17223/17267080/89/6Babor T, Higgins-Biddle J, Saunders J, Monteiro M. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Guidelines for Use in Primary Care. WHO, 2001.Babor T, Higgins-Biddle J, Saunders J, Monteiro M. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Guidelines for Use in Primary Care. WHO, 2001.Gual A, Segura L, Contel M, Heather N, Colom J. Audit-3 and audit-4: effectiveness of two short forms of the alcohol use disorders identification test. Alcohol Alcohol. 2002;37(6):591-596. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/37.6.591Gual A, Segura L, Contel M, Heather N, Colom J. Audit-3 and audit-4: effectiveness of two short forms of the alcohol use disorders identification test. Alcohol Alcohol. 2002;37(6):591-596. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/37.6.591Kabashi S, Vindenes V, Bryun EA, Koshkina EA, Nadezhdin AV, et al. Harmful alcohol use among acutely ill hospitalized medical patients in Oslo and Moscow: A cross-sectional study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;204:107588. Erratum in: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;213:108073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107588Kabashi S, Vindenes V, Bryun EA, Koshkina EA, Nadezhdin AV, et al. Harmful alcohol use among acutely ill hospitalized medical patients in Oslo and Moscow: A cross-sectional study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;204:107588. Erratum in: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;213:108073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107588Надеждин А.В., Тетенова Е.Ю., Колгашкин А.Ю., Петухов А.Е., Давыдова Е.Н. и др. Кросс-секционное исследование потребления алкоголя с вредными последствиями у пациентов, госпитализированных по неотложным показаниям в неврологическое отделение многопрофильного стационара. Медицина 2023;11(1):77-109. https://doi.org/10.29234/2308-9113-2023-11-1-77-109Nadezhdin AV, Tetenova EYu, Kolgashkin AYu, Petuhov AE, Davydova EN, et al. A cross-sectional study of harmful alcohol consumption in acutely ill neurological patients of a general hospital. Medicina. 2023;11(1):77-109. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.29234/2308-9113-2023-11-1-77-109Надеждин А.В., Тетенова Е.Ю., Петухов А.Е., Давыдова Е.Н. Кросс-секционное исследование потребления алкоголя с вредными последствиями у пациентов кардиологического профиля, госпитализированных по неотложным показаниям в многопрофильный стационар. Медицина. 2024;12(2):90-113. https://doi.org/10.29234/2308-9113-2024-12-2-90-113Nadezhdin AV, Tetenova EYu, Petuhov AE, Davydova EN. Cross-Sectional Study of Harmful Alcohol Use Among Acutely Ill Cardiac Patients of a Multidisciplinary Clinic. Medicina. 2024;12(2):90-113. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.29234/2308-9113-2024-12-2-90-113Kabashi S, Vindenes V, Bryun EA, Koshkina EA, Nadezhdin AV. Corrigendum to "Harmful alcohol use among acutely ill hospitalized medical patients in Oslo and Moscow: A cross-sectional study" [Drug Alcohol Depend. 204 (2019) 107588]. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;213:108073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108073Kabashi S, Vindenes V, Bryun EA, Koshkina EA, Nadezhdin AV. Corrigendum to "Harmful alcohol use among acutely ill hospitalized medical patients in Oslo and Moscow: A cross-sectional study" [Drug Alcohol Depend. 204 (2019) 107588]. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;213:108073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108073Gamboa D, Jørgenrud B, Bryun EA, Vindenes V, Koshkina EA, et al. Prevalence of psychoactive substance use among acutely hospitalised patients in Oslo and Moscow: a cross-sectional, observational study. BMJ Open. 2020;10(9):e032572. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032572Gamboa D, Jørgenrud B, Bryun EA, Vindenes V, Koshkina EA, et al. Prevalence of psychoactive substance use among acutely hospitalised patients in Oslo and Moscow: a cross-sectional, observational study. BMJ Open. 2020;10(9):e032572. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032572Reed GM, Mendonça Correia J, Esparza P, Saxena S, Maj M. The WPA-WHO Global Survey of Psychiatrists' Attitudes Towards Mental Disorders Classification. World Psychiatry. 2011;10(2):118-131. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00034.xReed GM, Mendonça Correia J, Esparza P, Saxena S, Maj M. The WPA-WHO Global Survey of Psychiatrists' Attitudes Towards Mental Disorders Classification. World Psychiatry. 2011;10(2):118-131. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00034.xMosolov SN, Martynikhin IA, Syunyakov TS, Galankin TL, Neznanov NG. Incidence of the Diagnosis of Anxiety Disorders in the Russian Federation: Results of a Web-Based Survey of Psychiatrists. Neurol Ther. 2021;10(2):971-984. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40120-021-00277-wMosolov SN, Martynikhin IA, Syunyakov TS, Galankin TL, Neznanov NG. Incidence of the Diagnosis of Anxiety Disorders in the Russian Federation: Results of a Web-Based Survey of Psychiatrists. Neurol Ther. 2021;10(2):971-984. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40120-021-00277-wBiała M, Piotrowski P, Kurpas D, Kiejna A, Steciwko A, et al. Psychiatric symptomatology and personality in a population of primary care patients. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2014;21(2):344-348. https://doi.org/10.5604/1232-1966.1108602Biała M, Piotrowski P, Kurpas D, Kiejna A, Steciwko A, et al. Psychiatric symptomatology and personality in a population of primary care patients. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2014;21(2):344-348. https://doi.org/10.5604/1232-1966.1108602Пыжова О.В., Часовских Е.Е. Проблема стигматизации психически больных в России. Innova. 2024;10(1):47-50. https://doi.org/10.21626/innova/2024.1/0434 Pyzhova O.V., Chasovskikh E.E. The problem of stigmatization of mental disorders in Russia. Innova. 2024;10(1):47-50. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21626/innova/2024.1/04Холмогорова А.Б., Суботич М.И., Рахманина А.А., Борисоник Е.В., Рой А.П., и др. Испытываемый уровень стресса и тревоги у пациентов многопрофильного медицинского центра. Журнал им. Н.В. Склифосовского «Неотложная медицинская помощь». 2019;8(4):384-390. https://doi.org/10.23934/2223-9022-2019-8-4-384-390Kholmogorova A.B., Subotich M.I., Rakhmanina A.A., Borisonik E.V., Roy A.P., et al. The Experienced Level of Stress and Anxiety in Patients of a Multidisciplinary Medical Center. Russian Sklifosovsky Journal "Emergency Medical Care". 2019;8(4):384-390. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.23934/2223-9022-2019-8-4-384-390Liao B, Xu D, Tan Y, Chen X, Cai S. Association of mental distress with chronic diseases in 1.9 million individuals: A population-based cross-sectional study. J Psychosom Res. 2022;162:111040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.111040Liao B, Xu D, Tan Y, Chen X, Cai S. Association of mental distress with chronic diseases in 1.9 million individuals: A population-based cross-sectional study. J Psychosom Res. 2022;162:111040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.111040Gough B, Novikova I. Mental health, men and culture: how do sociocultural constructions of masculinities relate to men’s mental health help-seeking behaviour in the WHO European Region? Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2020.Gough B, Novikova I. Mental health, men and culture: how do sociocultural constructions of masculinities relate to men’s mental health help-seeking behaviour in the WHO European Region? Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2020.Joutsenniemi K, Martelin T, Martikainen P, Pirkola S, Koskinen S. Living arrangements and mental health in Finland. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006;60(6):468-475. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.040741Joutsenniemi K, Martelin T, Martikainen P, Pirkola S, Koskinen S. Living arrangements and mental health in Finland. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006;60(6):468-475. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.040741Blekesaune M. Partnership Transitions and Mental Distress: Investigating Temporal Order. Journal of Marriage and Family. 2008;70(4):879-890. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00533.xBlekesaune M. Partnership Transitions and Mental Distress: Investigating Temporal Order. Journal of Marriage and Family. 2008;70(4):879-890. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00533.xBrown DW, Balluz LS, Ford ES, Giles WH, Strine TW, et al. Associations between short- and long-term unemployment and frequent mental distress among a national sample of men and women. J Occup Environ Med. 2003;45(11):1159-1166. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000094994.09655.0fBrown DW, Balluz LS, Ford ES, Giles WH, Strine TW, et al. Associations between short- and long-term unemployment and frequent mental distress among a national sample of men and women. J Occup Environ Med. 2003;45(11):1159-1166. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000094994.09655.0fThomas C, Benzeval M, Stansfeld SA. Employment transitions and mental health: an analysis from the British household panel survey. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59(3):243-249. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.019778Thomas C, Benzeval M, Stansfeld SA. Employment transitions and mental health: an analysis from the British household panel survey. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59(3):243-249. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.019778Walter M, Dammann G, Wiesbeck GA, Klapp BF. Psychosozialer Stress und Alkoholkonsum: Wechselwirkungen, Krankheitsprozess und Interventionsmöglichkeiten [Psychosocial stress and alcohol consumption: interrelations, consequences and interventions]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2005;73(9):517-525. (In German). https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-830273Walter M, Dammann G, Wiesbeck GA, Klapp BF. Psychosozialer Stress und Alkoholkonsum: Wechselwirkungen, Krankheitsprozess und Interventionsmöglichkeiten [Psychosocial stress and alcohol consumption: interrelations, consequences and interventions]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2005;73(9):517-525. (In German). https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-830273Marchand A, Demers A, Durand P, Simard M. The moderating effect of alcohol intake on the relationship between work strains and psychological distress. J Stud Alcohol. 2003;64(3):419-427. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2003.64.419Marchand A, Demers A, Durand P, Simard M. The moderating effect of alcohol intake on the relationship between work strains and psychological distress. J Stud Alcohol. 2003;64(3):419-427. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2003.64.419Rodgers B, Korten AE, Jorm AF, Jacomb PA, Christensen H, Henderson AS. Non-linear relationships in associations of depression and anxiety with alcohol use. Psychol Med. 2000;30(2):421-432. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291799001865Rodgers B, Korten AE, Jorm AF, Jacomb PA, Christensen H, Henderson AS. Non-linear relationships in associations of depression and anxiety with alcohol use. Psychol Med. 2000;30(2):421-432. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291799001865Alati R, Kinner S, Najman JM, Fowler G, Watt K, Green D. Gender differences in the relationships between alcohol, tobacco and mental health in patients attending an emergency department. Alcohol Alcohol. 2004;39(5):463-469. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agh080Alati R, Kinner S, Najman JM, Fowler G, Watt K, Green D. Gender differences in the relationships between alcohol, tobacco and mental health in patients attending an emergency department. Alcohol Alcohol. 2004;39(5):463-469. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agh080Levine JA, Gius BK, Boghdadi G, Connors GJ, Maisto SA, Schlauch RC. Reductions in Drinking Predict Increased Distress: Between- and Within-Person Associations between Alcohol Use and Psychological Distress During and Following Treatment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2020;44(11):2326-2335. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14462Levine JA, Gius BK, Boghdadi G, Connors GJ, Maisto SA, Schlauch RC. Reductions in Drinking Predict Increased Distress: Between- and Within-Person Associations between Alcohol Use and Psychological Distress During and Following Treatment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2020;44(11):2326-2335. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14462Torvik FA, Rognmo K, Tambs K. Alcohol use and mental distress as predictors of non-response in a general population health survey: the HUNT study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2012;47(5):805-816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-011-0387-3Torvik FA, Rognmo K, Tambs K. Alcohol use and mental distress as predictors of non-response in a general population health survey: the HUNT study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2012;47(5):805-816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-011-0387-3Chiaie RD, Iannucci G, Paroli M, Salviati M, Caredda M, et al. Symptomatic subsyndromal depression in hospitalized hypertensive patients. J Affect Disord. 2011;135(1-3):168-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.07.008Chiaie RD, Iannucci G, Paroli M, Salviati M, Caredda M, et al. Symptomatic subsyndromal depression in hospitalized hypertensive patients. J Affect Disord. 2011;135(1-3):168-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.07.008Ferketich AK, Binkley PF. Psychological distress and cardiovascular disease: results from the 2002 National Health Interview Survey. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(18):1923-1929. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehi329Ferketich AK, Binkley PF. Psychological distress and cardiovascular disease: results from the 2002 National Health Interview Survey. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(18):1923-1929. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehi329Wiltink J, Beutel ME, Till Y, Ojeda FM, Wild PS, et al. Prevalence of distress, comorbid conditions and well being in the general population. J Affect Disord. 2011;130(3):429-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.041Wiltink J, Beutel ME, Till Y, Ojeda FM, Wild PS, et al. Prevalence of distress, comorbid conditions and well being in the general population. J Affect Disord. 2011;130(3):429-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.041Nakaya N, Kogure M, Saito-Nakaya K, Tomata Y, Sone T, et al. The association between self-reported history of physical diseases and psychological distress in a community-dwelling Japanese population: the Ohsaki Cohort 2006 Study. Eur J Public Health. 2014;24(1):45-49. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckt017Nakaya N, Kogure M, Saito-Nakaya K, Tomata Y, Sone T, et al. The association between self-reported history of physical diseases and psychological distress in a community-dwelling Japanese population: the Ohsaki Cohort 2006 Study. Eur J Public Health. 2014;24(1):45-49. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckt017Keller M, Sommerfeldt S, Fischer C, Knight L, Riesbeck M, et al. Recognition of distress and psychiatric morbidity in cancer patients: a multi-method approach. Ann Oncol. 2004;15(8):1243-1249. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdh318Keller M, Sommerfeldt S, Fischer C, Knight L, Riesbeck M, et al. Recognition of distress and psychiatric morbidity in cancer patients: a multi-method approach. Ann Oncol. 2004;15(8):1243-1249. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdh318

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.