<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mvjr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский вестник Юга России</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Herald of the South of Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2219-8075</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-7876</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Rostov State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21886/2219-8075-2022-13-3-83-92</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mvjr-1644</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EPIDEMIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Персонализированный характер трансгендерной медицины как препятствие к разработке клинических рекомендаций по гендерному несоответствию на основе принципов доказательной медицины</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Personalized character of transgender medicine as a barrier to development of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on gender incongruence</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9603-5114</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кирей-Ситникова</surname><given-names>Я.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirey-Sitnikova</surname><given-names>Ya.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кирей-Ситникова Яна - магистр общественного здоровья, независимая консультантка в Евразийской коалиции по здоровью, правам, гендерному и сексуальному многообразию.</p><p>Таллинн.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yana Kirey-Sitnikova - Master of Public Health, independent consultant at the Eurasian Coalition on Health, Rights, Gender and Sexual Diversity.</p><p>Tallinn.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yana.kirey.sitnikova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Евразийская коалиция по здоровью, правам, гендерному и сексуальному многообразию</institution><country>Эстония</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Eurasian Coalition on Health, Rights, Gender and Sexual Diversity</institution><country>Estonia</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>83</fpage><lpage>92</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кирей-Ситникова Я., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кирей-Ситникова Я.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kirey-Sitnikova Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.medicalherald.ru/jour/article/view/1644">https://www.medicalherald.ru/jour/article/view/1644</self-uri><abstract><p>Медицинские процедуры гендерного перехода обладают доказанной эффективностью в снижении гендерной дисфории, однако механизмы из воздействия до конца не известны. Заместительная гормональная терапия (ЗГТ) и хирургические вмешательства изменяют половые признаки, восприятие которых самим человеком и вносит, согласно биомедицинской модели, основной вклад в снижение гендерной дисфории. Другим, менее изученным, механизмом возникновения гендерной дисфории является восприятие окружающими человека как представителя не того пола и/или их негативная реакция. Для проведения эпидемиологических исследований высокого качества необходимо учитывать и уметь измерять такие промежуточные исходы, как степень феминизации/маскулинизации и гендер, в котором воспринимается человек. Половые признаки человека поддаются измерению, в связи с чем теоретически возможно разработать шкалу феминизации-маскулинизации, однако задача осложняется тем, что не все половые признаки вносят одинаковый вклад в восприятие человека окружающими как женщины или мужчина, в связи с чем они должны входить в шкалу с разными коэффициентами. Хотя такие коэффициенты могут быть получены из контролируемых экспериментов, в реальном мире атрибуция гендера зависит от многочисленных социальных факторов. Реакция окружающих на воспринимаемый гендер человека является дополнительным социальным фактором, вносящим вклад в социальную гендерную дисфорию. Отдельной проблемой является установление биологических факторов, влияющих на эффективность ЗГТ в феминизации и маскулинизации.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Gender transition medical procedures are effective in alleviating gender disphoria. However, their mechanisms of action are not yet fully understood. Hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) and surgeries modify sex characteristics. According to the biomedical model, perception of one's own sex characteristics is the primary contributor to gender dysphoria. Perception of the person in the wrong gender by others and/or their negative reaction is another (and less explored) mechanism leading to gender dysphoria. In order to conduct high-quality epidemiological studies, it is vital to take into consideration and measure intermediate outcomes, such as the degree of feminization/masculinization and the person's perceived gender. Sex characteristics are measurable, so it is possible to develop a feminization/masculinization scale. However, the task is complicated by the fact that various sex characteristics contribute unequally to the person's perceived gender, for which reason they should enter the scale with different coefficients. While such coefficients might be derived from controlled experiments, gender attibution in the real world depends on innumerable social factors. Reaction by others on the person's perceived gender is an additional factor affecting social gender dysphoria. Determining biological factors affecting the effectiveness of HRT in feminization and masculinization is a separate problem.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>трансгендерность</kwd><kwd>транссексуализм</kwd><kwd>гендерная дисфория</kwd><kwd>гендерное несоответствие</kwd><kwd>персонализированная медицина</kwd><kwd>эпидемиология</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>transgender</kwd><kwd>transsexual</kwd><kwd>gender dysphoria</kwd><kwd>gender incongruence</kwd><kwd>personalized medicine</kwd><kwd>epidemiology</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кирей-Ситникова Я. Некоторые проблемы разработки клинических рекомендаций по гендерной дисфории и гендерному несоответствию. Проблемы стандартизации в здравоохранении. 2021;9-10:47-53. DOI: 10.26347/1607-2502202109-10047-053</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirey-Sitnikova Y. Some challenges of developing clinical practice guidelines on gender dysphoria and gender incongruence. Health Care Standardization Problems. 2021;9-10, 47-53. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.26347/1607-2502202109-10047-053</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кирей-Ситникова Я. Социальные факторы в дизайне эпидемиологических исследований эффективности медицинских процедур трансгендерного перехода (аналитический обзор). Социальные аспекты здоровья населения. 2021;67(6). DOI: 10.21045/2071-5021-2021-67-6-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirey-Sitnikova Y. Social factors in the design of epidemiological studies of effectiveness of medical procedures of gender transition (analytical review). Social Aspects of Population Health. 2021;67(6). (In Russ.) DOI: 10.21045/2071-5021-2021-67-6-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coleman E, Bockting W, Botzer M, Cohen-Kettenis P, DeCuypere G, et al. Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People, Version 7. Int J Transgenderism. 2012;13(4):165-232. DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2011.700873</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coleman E, Bockting W, Botzer M, Cohen-Kettenis P, DeCuypere G, et al. Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People, Version 7. Int J Transgenderism. 2012;13(4):165-232. DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2011.700873</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leon J. Evidence-based medicine versus personalized medicine: are they enemies? J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;32(2):153-64. DOI: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3182491383</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leon J. Evidence-based medicine versus personalized medicine: are they enemies? J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;32(2):153-64. DOI: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3182491383</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murad MH, Elamin MB, Garcia MZ, Mullan RJ, Murad A, et al. Hormonal therapy and sex reassignment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of quality of life and psychosocial outcomes. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010;72(2):214-31. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03625.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murad MH, Elamin MB, Garcia MZ, Mullan RJ, Murad A, et al. Hormonal therapy and sex reassignment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of quality of life and psychosocial outcomes. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010;72(2):214-31. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03625.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Costa R, Colizzi M. The effect of cross-sex hormonal treatment on gender dysphoria individuals' mental health: A systematic review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016;12:1953-66. DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S95310</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Costa R, Colizzi M. The effect of cross-sex hormonal treatment on gender dysphoria individuals' mental health: A systematic review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016;12:1953-66. DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S95310</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baker KE, Wilson LM, Sharma R, Dukhanin V, McArthur K, Robinson KA. Hormone Therapy, Mental Health, and Quality of Life Among Transgender People: A Systematic Review. J Endocr Soc. 2021;5(4):011. DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baker KE, Wilson LM, Sharma R, Dukhanin V, McArthur K, Robinson KA. Hormone Therapy, Mental Health, and Quality of Life Among Transgender People: A Systematic Review. J Endocr Soc. 2021;5(4):011. DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benestad EEP. From gender dysphoria to gender euphoria: An assisted journey. Sexologies. 2010;19(4):225-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.sexol.2010.09.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benestad EEP. From gender dysphoria to gender euphoria: An assisted journey. Sexologies. 2010;19(4):225-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.sexol.2010.09.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnson AH. Rejecting, reframing, and reintroducing: Trans people's strategic engagement with the medicalisation of gender dysphoria. Sociol Health Illn. 2019;41(3):517-532. DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.12829</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnson AH. Rejecting, reframing, and reintroducing: Trans people's strategic engagement with the medicalisation of gender dysphoria. Sociol Health Illn. 2019;41(3):517-532. DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.12829</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perez-Brumer AG, Parker R, Aggleton P. Rethinking MSM, trans* and other categories in HIV Prevention. Routledge; 2018. DOI: 10.4324/9781315151120</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perez-Brumer AG, Parker R, Aggleton P. Rethinking MSM, trans* and other categories in HIV Prevention. Routledge; 2018. DOI: 10.4324/9781315151120</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ILGA World. Trans Legal Mapping Report 2019: Recognition before the Law. ILGA World; 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ILGA World. Trans Legal Mapping Report 2019: Recognition before the Law. ILGA World; 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Latham JR. Axiomatic: Constituting ‘transexuality'and trans sexualities in medicine. Sexualities. 2019;22(1-2):13-30. DOI: 10.1177/1363460717740258</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Latham JR. Axiomatic: Constituting ‘transexuality'and trans sexualities in medicine. Sexualities. 2019;22(1-2):13-30. DOI: 10.1177/1363460717740258</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bannister JJ, Juszczak H, Aponte JD, Katz DC, Knott PD, et al. Sex Differences in Adult Facial Three-Dimensional Morphology: Application to Gender-Affirming Facial Surgery. Facial Plastic Surgery &amp; Aesthetic Medicine; 2022. DOI: 10.1089/fpsam.2021.0301</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bannister JJ, Juszczak H, Aponte JD, Katz DC, Knott PD, et al. Sex Differences in Adult Facial Three-Dimensional Morphology: Application to Gender-Affirming Facial Surgery. Facial Plastic Surgery &amp; Aesthetic Medicine; 2022. DOI: 10.1089/fpsam.2021.0301</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Enzi G, Gasparo M, Biondetti PR, Fiore D, Semisa M, Zurlo F. Subcutaneous and visceral fat distribution according to sex, age, and overweight, evaluated by computed tomography. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986;44(6):739-46. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/44.6.739</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Enzi G, Gasparo M, Biondetti PR, Fiore D, Semisa M, Zurlo F. Subcutaneous and visceral fat distribution according to sex, age, and overweight, evaluated by computed tomography. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986;44(6):739-46. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/44.6.739</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rohrich RJ, Pessa J.E. The fat compartments of the face: anatomy and clinical implications for cosmetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;119(7):2219-27. DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000265403.66886.54</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rohrich RJ, Pessa JE. The fat compartments of the face: anatomy and clinical implications for cosmetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;119(7):2219-27. DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000265403.66886.54</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gaskin KM, Peoples GE, McGhee DE.The fibro-adipose structure of the female breast: A dissection study. Clin Anat. 2020;33(1):146-55. DOI: 10.1002/ca.23505</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gaskin KM, Peoples GE, McGhee DE. The fibro-adipose structure of the female breast: A dissection study. Clin Anat. 2020;33(1):146-55. DOI: 10.1002/ca.23505</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leung Y, Oates J, Chan SP. Voice, articulation, and prosody contribute to listener perceptions of speaker gender: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2018;61(2):266-97. DOI: 10.1044/2017_JSLHR-S-17-0067</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leung Y, Oates J, Chan SP. Voice, articulation, and prosody contribute to listener perceptions of speaker gender: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2018;61(2):266-97. DOI: 10.1044/2017_JSLHR-S-17-0067</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burton AM, Bruce V, Dench N. What's the difference between men and women? Evidence from facial measurement. Perception. 1993;22(2):153-76. DOI: 10.1068/p220153</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burton AM, Bruce V, Dench N. What's the difference between men and women? Evidence from facial measurement. Perception. 1993;22(2):153-76. DOI: 10.1068/p220153</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yildiz BO, Bolour S, Woods K, Moore A, Azziz R. Visually scoring hirsutism. Hum Reprod Update. 2010;16(1):51-64. DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmp024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yildiz BO, Bolour S, Woods K, Moore A, Azziz R. Visually scoring hirsutism. Hum Reprod Update. 2010;16(1):51-64. DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmp024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goodpaster BH. Measuring body fat distribution and content in humans. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2002;5(5):481-7. DOI: 10.1097/00075197-200209000-00005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goodpaster BH. Measuring body fat distribution and content in humans. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2002;5(5):481-7. DOI: 10.1097/00075197-200209000-00005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tangpricha V, Heijer M. Oestrogen and anti-androgen therapy for transgender women. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(4):291-300. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30319-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tangpricha V, Heijer M. Oestrogen and anti-androgen therapy for transgender women. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(4):291-300. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30319-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meriggiola MC, Gava G. Endocrine care of transpeople part II. A review of cross-sex hormonal treatments, outcomes and adverse effects in transwomen. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2015;83(5):607-15. DOI: 10.1111/cen.12754</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meriggiola MC, Gava G. Endocrine care of transpeople part II. A review of cross-sex hormonal treatments, outcomes and adverse effects in transwomen. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2015;83(5):607-15. DOI: 10.1111/cen.12754</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klaver M, Velzen D, Blok C, Nota N, Wiepjes C, et al. Change in visceral fat and total body fat and the effect on cardiometabolic risk factors during transgender hormone therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(1):153-64. DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab616</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klaver M, Velzen D, Blok C, Nota N, Wiepjes C, et al. Change in visceral fat and total body fat and the effect on cardiometabolic risk factors during transgender hormone therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(1):153-64. DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab616</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kissebah AH, Peiris A.N. Biology of regional body fat distribution: relationship to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Rev. 1989;5(2):83-109. DOI: 10.1002/dmr.5610050202</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kissebah AH, Peiris AN. Biology of regional body fat distribution: relationship to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Rev. 1989;5(2):83-109. DOI: 10.1002/dmr.5610050202</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tchernof A, Calles-Escandon J, Sites CK, Poehlman ET. Menopause, central body fatness, and insulin resistance: effects of hormone-replacement therapy. Coron Artery Dis. 1998;9(8):503-11. DOI: 10.1097/00019501-199809080-00006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tchernof A, Calles-Escandon J, Sites CK, Poehlman ET. Menopause, central body fatness, and insulin resistance: effects of hormone-replacement therapy. Coron Artery Dis. 1998;9(8):503-11. DOI: 10.1097/00019501-199809080-00006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levin YS. Cosmetic dermatology in menopause. Menopause. 2022;29(3):344-50. DOI: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001925</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levin YS. Cosmetic dermatology in menopause. Menopause. 2022;29(3):344-50. DOI: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001925</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okura T, Koda M, Ando F, Niino N, Ohta S, Shimokata H. Association of polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor a gene with body fat distribution. Int J Obes. 2003;27(9):1020-7. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802378</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okura T, Koda M, Ando F, Niino N, Ohta S, Shimokata H. Association of polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor a gene with body fat distribution. Int J Obes. 2003;27(9):1020-7. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802378</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gallagher CJ, Langefeld CD, Gordon CJ, Campbell JK, Mychalecky JC, et al. Association of the estrogen receptor-a gene with the metabolic syndrome and its component traits in African-American families: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Family Study. Diabetes. 2007;56(8):2135-41. DOI: 10.2337/db06-1017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gallagher CJ, Langefeld CD, Gordon CJ, Campbell JK, Mychalecky JC, et al. Association of the estrogen receptor-a gene with the metabolic syndrome and its component traits in African-American families: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Family Study. Diabetes. 2007;56(8):2135-41. DOI: 10.2337/db06-1017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karastergiou K, Smith SR, Greenberg AS, Fried SK. Sex differences in human adipose tissues-the biology of pear shape. Biol Sex Differ. 2012;3(1):1-12. DOI: 10.1186/2042-6410-3-13</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karastergiou K, Smith SR, Greenberg AS, Fried SK. Sex differences in human adipose tissues-the biology of pear shape. Biol Sex Differ. 2012;3(1):1-12. DOI: 10.1186/2042-6410-3-13</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lumish HS, O'Reilly M, Reilly MP. Sex differences in genomic drivers of adipose distribution and related cardiometabolic disorders: opportunities for precision medicine. Arterioscler Th romb Vasc Biol. 2020;40(1):45-60. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.313154</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lumish HS, O'Reilly M, Reilly MP. Sex differences in genomic drivers of adipose distribution and related cardiometabolic disorders: opportunities for precision medicine. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020;40(1):45-60. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.313154</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martinez JA, Milagro FI, Claycombe KJ, Schalinske KL. Epigenetics in adipose tissue, obesity, weight loss, and diabetes. Adv Nutr. 2014;5(1):71-81. DOI: 10.3945/an.113.004705</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martinez JA, Milagro FI, Claycombe KJ, Schalinske KL. Epigenetics in adipose tissue, obesity, weight loss, and diabetes. Adv Nutr. 2014;5(1):71-81. DOI: 10.3945/an.113.004705</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wall EH, Case LK, Hewitt SC, Nguyen-Vu T, Candelaria NR, et al. Genetic control of ductal morphology, estrogen-induced ductal growth, and gene expression in female mouse mammary gland. Endocrinology. 2014;155(8):3025-35. DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1910</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wall EH, Case LK, Hewitt SC, Nguyen-Vu T, Candelaria NR, et al. Genetic control of ductal morphology, estrogen-induced ductal growth, and gene expression in female mouse mammary gland. Endocrinology. 2014;155(8):3025-35. DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1910</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gooren LJ. Should cross-sex hormone treatment of transsexual subjects vary with ethnic group? Asian J Androl. 2014;16(6):809. DOI: 10.4103/1008-682X.133972</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gooren LJ. Should cross-sex hormone treatment of transsexual subjects vary with ethnic group? Asian J Androl. 2014;16(6):809. DOI: 10.4103/1008-682X.133972</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Истранов А.Л., Исакова Ю.И., Мхитарян О.А., Ибрегимова М.Р. Современные тенденции в комплексной феминизации лица и шеи. Голова и шея. 2020;(1):47-54. DOI: 10.25792/HN.2020.8.1.47-54</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Istranov A.L., Isakova J.I., Mkhitaryan O.A., Ibregimova M.R. Modern tendencies in complex feminization of head and neck. Golova i sheya. Rossijskij zhurnal = Head and neck. Russian Journal. 2020;8(1):47-54. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.25792/HN.2020.8.1.47-54</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sayegh F, Ludwig DC, Ascha M, Vyas K, Shakir A, et al. Facial masculinization surgery and its role in the treatment of gender dysphoria. J Craniofac Surg. 2019;30(5):1339-46. DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000005101</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sayegh F, Ludwig DC, Ascha M, Vyas K, Shakir A, et al. Facial masculinization surgery and its role in the treatment of gender dysphoria. J Craniofac Surg. 2019;30(5):1339-46. DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000005101</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Song TE, Jiang N. Transgender phonosurgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Neck Surg. 2017;156(5):803-8. DOI: 10.1177/0194599817697050</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Song TE, Jiang N. Transgender phonosurgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Neck Surg. 2017;156(5):803-8. DOI: 10.1177/0194599817697050</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patel V, Nolan IT, Card E, Morrison SD, Bared A. Facial hair transplantation for transgender patients: a literature review and guidelines for practice. Aesthet Surg J. 2021;41(3):42-51. DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjaa430</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patel V, Nolan IT, Card E, Morrison SD, Bared A. Facial hair transplantation for transgender patients: a literature review and guidelines for practice. Aesthet Surg J. 2021;41(3):42-51. DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjaa430</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Motosko CC, Tosti A. Dermatologic care of hair in transgender patients: a systematic review of literature. Dermatol Th er. 2021;11(5):1457-68. DOI: 10.1007/s13555-021-00574-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Motosko CC, Tosti A. Dermatologic care of hair in transgender patients: a systematic review of literature. Dermatol Th er. 2021;11(5):1457-68. DOI: 10.1007/s13555-021-00574-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao JL, Streed CG, Thompson J, Dommasch ED, Peebles JK. Androgenetic alopecia in transgender and gender diverse populations: A review of therapeutics. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.08.067</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao JL, Streed CG, Thompson J, Dommasch ED, Peebles JK. Androgenetic alopecia in transgender and gender diverse populations: A review of therapeutics. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.08.067</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кирей-Ситникова Я., Бурцев Е.А. Обзор инструментов экспериментально-психологической диагностики гендерной дисфории и гендерного несоответствия в контексте перехода на МКБ-11. Неврологический вестник. 2022;LIV(2). Отр. 69-84</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirey-Sitnikova Y, Burtsev EA. A review of instruments of experimental psychological diagnostics of gender dysphoria and gender incongruence in the context of transition to ICD11. Neurology Bulletin. 2022;LIV(2). (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schwend SA. Trans health care from a depathologization and human rights perspective. Public Health Rev. 2020. 19;41(1):3. DOI: 10.1186/s40985-020-0118-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schwend SA. Trans health care from a depathologization and human rights perspective. Public Health Rev. 2020. 19;41(1):3. DOI: 10.1186/s40985-020-0118-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deogracias JJ, Johnson LL, Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, Kessler SJ, Schober JM, Zucker KJ. The gender identity/gender dysphoria questionnaire for adolescents and adults. J Sex Res. 2007;44(4):370-9. DOI: 10.1080/00224490701586730</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deogracias JJ, Johnson LL, Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, Kessler SJ, Schober JM, Zucker KJ. The gender identity/gender dysphoria questionnaire for adolescents and adults. J Sex Res. 2007;44(4):370-9. DOI: 10.1080/00224490701586730</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кирей-Ситникова Я. Трансгендерность и трансфеминизм. Москва: Саламандра; 2015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirey-Sitnikova Y. Transgendernost' i transfeminizm. Moscow: Salamandra; 2015. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davy Z, Toze M. What is gender dysphoria? A critical systematic narrative review. Transgender Health. 2018;3(1):159-69. DOI: 10.1089/trgh.2018.0014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davy Z, Toze M. What is gender dysphoria? A critical systematic narrative review. Transgender Health. 2018;3(1):159-69. DOI: 10.1089/trgh.2018.0014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katcher A. 'I lie discrimination of sex differences by young children. J Genet Psychol. 1955;87(1):131-43. DOI: 10.1080/00221325.1955.10532922</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katcher A. 'I lie discrimination of sex differences by young children. J Genet Psychol. 1955;87(1):131-43. DOI: 10.1080/00221325.1955.10532922</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thompson SK, Bentler PM. The priority of cues in sex discrimination by children and adults. Dev Psychol. 1971;5(2):181. DOI: 10.1037/h0031427</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thompson SK, Bentler PM. The priority of cues in sex discrimination by children and adults. Dev Psychol. 1971;5(2):181. DOI: 10.1037/h0031427</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kessler SJ, McKenna W. Gender: An ethnomethodological approach. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press; 1978.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kessler SJ, McKenna W. Gender: An ethnomethodological approach. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press; 1978.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Federici S, Lepri A, D'Urzo E.Sex/Gender Attribution: When the Penis Makes the Difference. Arch Sex Behav. 2021;1-15. DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02152-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Federici S, Lepri A, D'Urzo E. Sex/Gender Attribution: When the Penis Makes the Difference. Arch Sex Behav. 2021;1-15. DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02152-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oruc I, Balas B, Landy MS. Face perception: A brief journey through recent discoveries and current directions. Vision Res. 2019;157:1-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2019.06.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oruc I, Balas B, Landy MS. Face perception: A brief journey through recent discoveries and current directions. Vision Res. 2019;157:1-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2019.06.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brown E, Perrett DI. What gives a face its gender? Perception. 1993;22(7):829-40. DOI: 10.1068/p220829</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brown E, Perrett DI. What gives a face its gender? Perception. 1993;22(7):829-40. DOI: 10.1068/p220829</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spiegel JH. Facial determinants of female gender and feminizing forehead cranioplasty. Th e Laryngoscope. 2011;121(2):250-61. DOI: 10.1002/lary.21187</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spiegel JH. Facial determinants of female gender and feminizing forehead cranioplasty. Th e Laryngoscope. 2011;121(2):250-61. DOI: 10.1002/lary.21187</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bruce V, Burton AM, Hanna E, Healey P, Mason O, et al. Sex discrimination: how do we tell the difference between male and female faces? Perception. 1993;22(2):131-52. DOI: 10.1068/p220131</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bruce V, Burton AM, Hanna E, Healey P, Mason O, et al. Sex discrimination: how do we tell the difference between male and female faces? Perception. 1993;22(2):131-52. DOI: 10.1068/p220131</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stephen ID, McKeegan AM. Lip colour affects perceived sex typicality and attractiveness of human faces. Perception. 2010;39(8):1104-10. DOI: 10.1068/p6730</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stephen ID, McKeegan AM. Lip colour affects perceived sex typicality and attractiveness of human faces. Perception. 2010;39(8):1104-10. DOI: 10.1068/p6730</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Serano J. Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity. New York: Seal Press; 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Serano J. Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity. New York: Seal Press; 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stotzer RL. Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data. Aggress Violent Behav. 2009;14(3):170-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2009.01.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stotzer RL. Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data. Aggress Violent Behav. 2009;14(3):170-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2009.01.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McLemore KA. Experiences with misgendering: Identity misclassification of transgender spectrum individuals. Self Identity. 2015;14(1):51-74. DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2014.950691</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McLemore KA. Experiences with misgendering: Identity misclassification of transgender spectrum individuals. Self Identity. 2015;14(1):51-74. DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2014.950691</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ba§ar K, Oz G. Resilience in Individuals with Gender Dysphoria: Association with Perceived Social Support And Discrimination. Turk J Psychiatry. 2016;27(4). DOI: 10.5080/u17071</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ba§ar K, Oz G. Resilience in Individuals with Gender Dysphoria: Association with Perceived Social Support And Discrimination. Turk J Psychiatry. 2016;27(4). DOI: 10.5080/u17071</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flores AR, Brown TN, Park A. Public support for transgender rights: A twenty-three country survey. California, USA: Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law; 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Flores AR, Brown TN, Park A. Public support for transgender rights: A twenty-three country survey. California, USA: Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law; 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
